Tesla wangolengeza kumene kuti m'badwo wotsatira wa maginito okhazikika okhazikika pamagalimoto awo amagetsi sudzagwiritsa ntchito zida zapadziko lapansi!
Mawu a Tesla: Maginito osowa padziko lapansi amatheratu
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M'malo mwake, mu 2018, 93% yamagalimoto amagetsi padziko lonse lapansi anali ndi powertrain yoyendetsedwa ndi maginito okhazikika opangidwa ndi dziko losowa.Mu 2020, 77% ya msika wamagalimoto amagetsi padziko lonse lapansi amagwiritsa ntchito maginito okhazikika.Owona makampani opanga magalimoto amagetsi amakhulupirira kuti monga China yakhala imodzi mwamisika yayikulu kwambiri yamagalimoto amagetsi, ndipo China idalamulira kwambiri kuperekedwa kwa dziko lapansi losowa, sizingatheke kuti China ingasinthe makina okhazikika amagetsi.Koma kodi Tesla ali bwanji ndipo akuganiza bwanji? Mu 2018, Tesla adagwiritsa ntchito injini yolumikizidwa yokhazikika ya maginito kwa nthawi yoyamba mu Model 3, ndikusunga injini yolowera kutsogolo.Pakadali pano, Tesla amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu iwiri yama motors mumagalimoto ake amagetsi a Model S ndi X, imodzi ndi injini yamagetsi yapadziko lapansi yosowa kwambiri ndipo inayo ndi injini yolowera.Ma motor induction amatha kupereka mphamvu zambiri, ndipo ma induction motors okhala ndi maginito okhazikika amagwira bwino ntchito ndipo amatha kuyendetsa bwino ndi 10%.
Magwero a okhazikika maginito galimoto Ponena za izi, tiyenera kutchula momwe osowa padziko lapansi maginito motor inayambira.Aliyense amadziwa kuti magnetism imapanga magetsi ndipo magetsi amatulutsa maginito, ndipo m'badwo wa injini sungasiyanitsidwe ndi mphamvu yamagetsi.Choncho, pali njira ziwiri zoperekera mphamvu ya maginito: chisangalalo ndi maginito okhazikika. Ma motors a DC, ma synchronous motors ndi ma motors apadera ang'onoang'ono onse amafunikira mphamvu yamagetsi ya DC.Njira yachikhalidwe ndikugwiritsa ntchito koyilo yopatsa mphamvu (yotchedwa maginito pole) yokhala ndi chitsulo chapakati kuti mupeze mphamvu yamagetsi, koma choyipa chachikulu cha njirayi ndikuti chapano chili ndi kutayika kwa mphamvu mu kukana kwa koyilo (kutulutsa kutentha), potero kuchepetsa kuyendetsa bwino kwagalimoto ndikuwonjezera mtengo wogwirira ntchito. Panthawiyi, anthu ankaganiza - ngati pali mphamvu ya maginito yosatha, ndipo magetsi sagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga maginito, ndiye kuti ndondomeko ya zachuma ya galimotoyo idzakhala yabwino.Chifukwa chake cha m'ma 1980, zida zosiyanasiyana zokhazikika za maginito zidawonekera, ndipo zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pama motors, kupanga maginito okhazikika.
Rare Earth okhazikika maginito mota imatsogolera Ndiye ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zingapangitse maginito okhazikika?Ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti ambiri amaganiza kuti pali mtundu umodzi wokha wazinthu.M'malo mwake, pali mitundu inayi ya maginito yomwe imatha kupanga maginito okhazikika, omwe ndi: ceramic (ferrite), aluminium faifi tambala cobalt (AlNiCo), samarium cobalt (SmCo) ndi neodymium iron boron (NdFeB).Ma aloyi apadera a neodymium maginito kuphatikiza terbium ndi dysprosium apangidwa ndi kutentha kwa Curie, kuwalola kupirira kutentha kwambiri mpaka 200 ° C.
Isanafike zaka za m'ma 1980, okhazikika maginito zipangizo anali makamaka ferrite maginito okhazikika ndi maginito alnico okhazikika, koma remanence zinthu zimenezi si wamphamvu kwambiri, kotero maginito kwaiye ndi ofooka.Osati zokhazo, koma mphamvu yokakamiza ya mitundu iwiriyi ya maginito okhazikika imakhala yochepa, ndipo ikakumana ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yakunja, imakhudzidwa mosavuta ndi demagnetized, yomwe imalepheretsa chitukuko cha maginito okhazikika. Tiyeni tikambirane za maginito padziko lapansi osowa.M'malo mwake, maginito osowa padziko lapansi amagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri ya maginito okhazikika: dziko lapansi losowa kwambiri komanso dziko lolemera losowa.Zosungirako zapadziko lonse lapansi zili ndi pafupifupi 85% yapadziko lapansi yosowa kwambiri ndi 15% yolemera kwambiri padziko lapansi.Yotsirizirayi imapereka maginito okwera kwambiri omwe ali oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto ambiri.Pambuyo 1980s, mkulu-ntchito osowa dziko okhazikika maginito chuma-NdFeB okhazikika maginito anaonekera. Zida zoterezi zimakhala ndi kusinthika kwakukulu, komanso kukakamiza kwakukulu ndi kupanga mphamvu, koma nthawi zambiri kumachepetsa kutentha kwa Curie kusiyana ndi njira zina.Maginito osowa padziko lapansi okhazikika omwe amapangidwa ndi iwo ali ndi zabwino zambiri, monga kuchita bwino kwambiri, palibe koyilo yosangalatsa, kotero palibe kutayika kwamphamvu kwamphamvu;mphamvu ya maginito yachibale ili pafupi ndi makina a mpweya, zomwe zimachepetsa inductance ya injini ndikuwongolera mphamvu yamagetsi.Ndi chifukwa cha kachulukidwe kabwino ka mphamvu ndi mphamvu zama injini za maginito osowa padziko lapansi kuti pali mitundu ingapo ya ma mota amagetsi, ndipo otchuka kwambiri ndi osowa padziko lapansi maginito okhazikika. Tesla akufuna kuchotsa Kudalira ku China rare earths?
Aliyense akudziwa kuti China imapereka chuma chambiri chosowa padziko lapansi.Dziko la United States laonanso zimenezi m’zaka zaposachedwapa.Sakufuna kukakamizidwa ndi China kuti apereke dziko losowa.Chifukwa chake, a Biden atakhala paudindo, adayesa kuwonjezera kutenga nawo gawo pazosowa zapadziko lapansi.Ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pamalingaliro azomangamanga a $ 2 thililiyoni.MP Materials, yomwe idagula mgodi womwe udatsekedwa kale ku California mu 2017, ikufuna kubwezeretsanso unyolo wapadziko lapansi wachilendo ku US, ndikuyang'ana pa neodymium ndi praseodymium, ndipo akuyembekeza kukhala wopanga zotsika mtengo kwambiri.Lynas walandira ndalama zaboma kuti amange fakitale yopepuka yapang'onopang'ono ku Texas ndipo ali ndi kontrakitala ina ya malo olekana ndi osowa padziko lapansi ku Texas.Ngakhale kuti dziko la United States lachita khama kwambiri, anthu ogwira ntchito m’makampaniwa amakhulupirira kuti m’kanthawi kochepa, makamaka pankhani ya mtengo, dziko la China lidzakhalabe ndi udindo waukulu pakupereka zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosowa, ndipo dziko la United States silingagwedeze n’komwe.
Mwina Tesla adawona izi, ndipo adaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito maginito okhazikika omwe sagwiritsa ntchito konse dziko lapansi ngati ma mota.Uku ndikulingalira molimba mtima, kapena nthabwala, sitikudziwabe.Ngati Tesla asiya ma motors okhazikika ndikusinthanso ku ma induction motors, izi sizikuwoneka ngati mawonekedwe awo ochitira zinthu.Ndipo Tesla akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito maginito okhazikika, ndikusiya maginito osowa padziko lapansi, kotero pali zotheka ziwiri: imodzi ndi kukhala ndi zotsatira zatsopano pa ceramic (ferrite) ndi maginito okhazikika a AlNiCo, Chachiwiri ndi chakuti maginito okhazikika zinthu zina zomwe si zachilendo padziko lapansi aloyi aloyi akhoza kukhalabe zotsatira zofanana ndi osowa padziko lapansi okhazikika maginito.Ngati si awiriwa, ndiye kuti Tesla akusewera ndi malingaliro.Da Vukovich, pulezidenti wa Alliance LLC, adanenapo kuti "chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a maginito osowa padziko lapansi, palibe maginito ena omwe angafanane ndi mphamvu zawo zazikulu.Simungathe kusintha maginito osowa padziko lapansi”.
Mosasamala kanthu kuti Tesla akusewera ndi malingaliro kapena akufunadi kuchotsa kudalira kwake ku China chosowa padziko lapansi molingana ndi maginito okhazikika a maginito, mkonzi amakhulupirira kuti chuma chosowa padziko lapansi ndi chamtengo wapatali kwambiri, ndipo tiyenera kuchikulitsa mwanzeru, ndikulipira zambiri. chidwi kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ochita kafukufuku amafunika kuwonjezera ntchito zawo zofufuza.Tisanene ngati kupanga kwa Tesla kuli bwino kapena ayi, mwina kwatipatsa malingaliro ndi zolimbikitsa.